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ABHARTACH, EL VAMPIRO DEL ULSTER.
En el Condado de Londonderry, en Irlanda del Norte, hay un pueblecito llamado “Slaghtaverty” cuyo nombre en irlandés significa “La Tumba de Abhartach”. Los vecinos de esta zona cuentan cómo el pueblo llegó a tener este nombre. Es probable que esta leyenda y los extraños acontecimientos que todavía hoy siguen ocurriendo en las proximidades de la gran tumba de piedra que aquí se encuentra, inspiraran a Bram Stoker para crear Drácula.
Abhartach, cuenta la leyenda, era un malvado gobernante de la región, un hombre bajito e insignificante físicamente pero a la vez un poderoso mago. Tenía aterrorizada a toda la gente en muchos kilómetros a la redonda, tanto que todos deseaban su muerte. Pero como ninguno de sus súbditos tenía el valor de matarle, llamaron a un guerrero que vivía en un lugar próximo para que lo hiciera. Este guerrero, llamado Cathain, mató a Abhartach y le enterró en posición vertical tal y como era tradición enterrar a un jefe celta en aquellos tiempos.
Sin saber cómo, al día siguiente apareció Abhartach entre su gente, esta vez exigiendo un sacrificio de sangre extraido de las muñecas de sus súbditos. Se había convertido en un muerto viviente o como se llamaba en irlandés, “Marbh Beo”. Por tres veces Cathain volvió a darle muerte y a enterrarle y otras tantas Abhartach salió de su tumba buscando sangre entre su gente. Hasta que el pueblo, desesperado, fue en busca de un santo cristiano que vivía en la zona al que preguntaron cómo podrían deshacerse para siempre de ese no muerto maligno.
El santo le dio instrucciones a Cathain para que matara a Abhartach una vez más y le indicó que esta vez lo hiciera con una espada hecha de madera de tejo, que le enterrara boca abajo, le cubriera con una gran piedra y plantara espinos alrededor de la tumba. Cathain siguió las instrucciones del santo y Abhartach nunca más fue visto. Su tumba aún podemos encontrarla en un campo, en el pueblo de Slaghtaverty, cubierta con una enorme losa de piedra y un espino solitario creciendo a su lado.
Los paralelismos entre Abhartach y el Drácula de Bram Stoker son sumamente interesantes. La idea de un hombre maligno que posee un secreto mágico para superar la muerte y alzarse desde su tumba es bastante familiar para cualquiera que haya leído el libro de Drácula o haya visto las películas. Pero hay más similitudes incluyendo la demanda de sacrificios de sangre a sus súbditos.
La imagen de robarle la sangre a la gente más débil está muy relacionada con el mito del vampiro tal y como lo conocemos hoy en día. También lo está la idea de que haya una forma especial para matar a los no muertos; todos estamos muy familiarizados con la idea de que a los vampiros se les debe dar muerte con una estaca de madera, o enterrados boca abajo, tal y como el santo indicó que debía hacerse con Abhartach hace más de dos mil años.
Aunque en nuestros días poca gente conoce este mito, aparte de los vecinos que viven cerca del área donde este personaje está enterrado, en tiempos esta historia fue muy popular en toda Irlanda. Se dice que data de los siglos V ó VI AC, convirtiéndola en una de las leyendas sobre vampiros más antiguas del mundo. Fue tratada como una historia real y publicada en el libro “A General History of Ireland”, escrito por Dr. Geoffrey Keating en 1631. Fue más tarde recogida e impresa como una interesante leyenda local incluida en la Ordenance Survey del Condado de Londonderry en 1835 y la historia de Abhartach fue más tarde reimpresa por Patrick Weston Joyce en “A History of Ireland” en 1880.
Es muy probable que Bram Stoker conociera esta historia e influyera en su decisión de escribir una novela sobre vampiros. Lo que es particularmente interesante es que dos de las primeras y más influyentes novelas de vampiros fueron escritas por irlandeses, “Carmilla” de Sheridan Le Fanu, y “Drácula” por Bram Stoker. Seguramente estuvieron influenciados también por las leyendas europeas y la literatura gótica, pero hay coincidencias que nos llevan a pensar que se inspiraron en la leyenda local irlandesa de Abhartach.
Independientemente de la conexión de Stoker con la historia de Abhartach, aún existe la opinión de que en la tumba se producen fenómenos extraños y perturbadores que continúan vivos en la memoria de los residentes de la localidad. De hecho la gente se refiere al lugar como la “tumba de Drácula” y raramente la visitan, ¡mucho menos al anochecer!
No hace muchos años el dueño de la tierra donde está emplazada la tumba decidió que ya era hora de deshacerse de ella y del árbol de espinos y utilizar su campo al completo. Un grupo de hombres se reunieron alrededor de la tumba para realizar el trabajo de mover las piedras y trajeron una sierra eléctrica para cortar el árbol de espinos pero la sierra se paró y no funcionaba. Así que trajeron una segunda sierra y tampoco funcionó, lo que era mucha coincidencia. Los hombres empezaron a sentirse un poco inquietos.
Pero la gota que colmó el vaso fue cuando trajeron un tractor para remover la losa de la tumba. El tractor empezó a no responder al conductor y se condujo solo hasta el otro lado del campo, aplastando una de las moto sierras en su camino. Los hombres huyeron de allí y no se ha hecho ningún otro intento de quitar la tumba ni el árbol de espinos desde entonces.
Nota.- Id al final de la página para ver la versión en color de este dibujo!!!
Bea H.
IN ENGLISH!!!!
ABHARTACH, THE ULSTER VAMPIRE
In County Londonderry, in Northern Ireland, there is a little village called "Slaghtaverty" whose name in Irish means "Abhartach´s Grave". The neighbours in this area tell how the village came to be given this name. It is quite probable that the legend we are about to reveal and the strange facts that took place in Slaghtaverty and are, in fact, still happening in the surrounding areas of the large stone grave that remains there, actually inspired Bram Stoker to write a novel about a similar character identical in all ways to one who dwelled in Slaghtaverty, but whom he placed much further afield in Transylvania, Dracula.
Abhartach, legend has it, was an evil ruler of Ulster's North West region, in truth a short and insignificantly looking man but without doubt a very powerful and influential wizard at the same time. He had reigned with terror, intimidating his people for many miles around, so much so that everyone victimised by the blood thirsty tyrant wished him dead. However because none of his subjects had the courage to actually kill him, they summoned a brave warrior who lived in a village close by and pleaded with him to help them rid the province of the cruel dictator who had, for so many years, made their lives a living Hell . This warrior, who was known as Cathain, managed to outwit usually astute Abhartach, and once he supposedly killed the arch enemy legend has it that he buried him in a vertical position as was the custom of buring celtic chiefs back in that era.
No one exactly knows how next day Abhartach re-appeard amongst his people, unfortunately for them very much alive and demanding a blood sacrifice which was despicably to be extracted from his subjects wrists. He had, to all extents and purposes, become a member of the living dead or, as it was known back then and in Irish terms, "Marbh Beo". Attempting to make amends for his apparent failure, Cathain the warrior plotted and supposedly killed Abhartach three further times, and each time he buried him in the upright manner which was the custom back in those dark days, but Abhartach was always able to rise from the dead and always returned to his villagers seeking blood vengeance for the way they had attempted to dispose of him, but seemingly always failing to do so. There were apparently dark forces at large which surrounded Abhartach, his reputation as a blood seeking Eternal was building strength to the popular belief that he was, absolutely, a vampire!
The desperate people, filled with more fear and superstition than ever, went in search of a Christian saint whom they believed was the only answer to their deliverance from Abhartach's tyrany, but who lived further afield from their normal reach for assistance, and they pleaded with him as to how they could get rid of the evil non-dead Vampiric overlord once and for all .
The Saint, unable or unwilling to commit to killing Abhartach himself, with his divine wisdom gave Cathain instructions as to how to kill the vampire once and for all. He had to slay him with a sword not made of metal, but made of yew wood, then to bury him upside down and immediately cover his grave with a massive rock and then having done that to plant hawthorn bushes around the area of Abhartach's internment.
Cathain followed the saint´s instructions to the letter, his guile, bravery and ability to kill Abhartach was never in question, but his ability to keep him dead was!! This time though Abhartach was apparently never seen again, the Saint's instructions had been followed and a higher power had guided Cathain to slay the bloodthirsty oppressor and at the same time allowed him to ensure that by burying him in the instructed manner the horror of Abhartach would never return . We can still to this day find his grave in a field in Slaghtaverty, covered with an enormous stone slab and, by now, only a solitary hawthorn growing beside it. Should this last hawthorn bush disappear it may well signal events which would see Abhartach return once again and without Saints and Cathain the people of Ulster's North West may well struggle to cope with hundreds of years of Abhartach's thirst for blood!!
The parallels between Abhartach and Bram Stoker´s Dracula are exceptionally interesting. The idea of an evil being who possesses a supernatural ability to overcome death and rise from his grave is very familiar to anyone who has read Dracula. But there are further similarities, including the demand for blood sacrifices from his subjects. Most people have always believed that Stoker's inspiration was ignited by an awareness of the cruelty bestowed on his people by the infamous Vlad The Impaler, and modern depictions in movies have backed up that theory. However the horror of stealing blood from weaker people, unlike the myth of the vampire as we know of it today in a century of movies and manufactured characters such as the brilliant Bela Lugosi, vampirism more than likely originated with less romantic but oh so real individuals from our own shores such as the non-fictional Abhartach who actually existed, he wasn't, unfortunately for his subjects, a figment of anyone's imagination! Also the idea of this very special way to kill the 'non-dead'; well, we are all very familiar with the cinematic idea that a vampire must be killed with a wooden stake thrust through his heart, but what they fail to portray and what we are fortunate to have an exclusive insight into, is that the vampire MUST be buried upside down, exactly as the Ulster Saint indicated to Cathain that should be done with Abhartach more than two thousand years ago!!
Apart from the residents who currently live in the area close to where he is buried, the legend of Abhartach is not a very well known myth amongst people further afield during these present times. However in the past he was a very well known character who everybody talked about, his story very well known across the whole of Ireland. His reign of terror supposedly occurred around the 500 BC , therefore becoming one of the oldest and most genuine vampire stories that the world has ever known about. The real life accounts are treated as true fact and they were originally published in a book called "A General History of Ireland", written by Dr. Geoffrey Keating as far back as back in 1631. The exploits of this original vampire were later gathered and printed as a very interesting and intriguing local legend and was included in the Ordenance Survey documents of County Londonderry in 1835. The legend of Abhartach was later given further attention by Patrick Weston Joyce in 1880 within the pages of his book "A History of Ireland".
It is very possible that as an Irishman Bram Stoker knew about the legend of Abhartach and it's more than likely that this was an influence on him when he embarked on writing his world famous novel about vampires. But another really interesting fact is that another of the first and actually most influential vampire novels of all time was also created by an Irish writer, "Carmilla" by Sheridan Le Fanu. Bram Stoker and Sheridan Le Fanu were clearly also very much influenced by the Eastern European legends and Gothic literature surrounding the vampires they both wrote about, but there are also some very obvious coincidences that, now the existence of Abhartach has been revealed and his methods of ruling his terrified people explained, all indicate that the two Irish writers got great inspiration from the legend of the very much more local Irish vampire.
In present times there remains a legend related to the area surrounding Abhartach's grave where strange and disturbing phenomena are said to occur. Local people never refer to Abhartach by name, instead preferring to call this place simply "Dracula´s grave" and they certainly never get close to it, even by day and absolutely never at night!
In recent years the owner of the land where the grave is situated decided that it was about time he attempted to get rid of the massive stones which cover Abhartach's tomb and the hawthorn tree nearby in order to use the whole field for other purposes. A group of men gathered around the grave to start the job of moving the boulders and they also brought a power saw to cut the hawthorn tree down but the usually reliable tree-cutter mysteriously stopped working and refused to start again. So they brought a second power saw, but exactly the same thing happened. It may have been over 2 thousand years since Abhartach had been incarcerated here but these big men began to feel a little uneasy.
Forgetting about trying to tackle the hawthorn tree the men then brought a tractor and chains in an attempt to remove the massive grave slabs, but the tractor reacted by not responding to its driver and out of control it drove on its own to the other side of the field mowing over the top of the electric saws on his way. The spooked workers eventually took control of the runaway vehicle but once they did so they decided to hastily leave the area to Abhartach the way it was and the owner of the land wisely decided to leave the grave and the hawthorn alone ever since. Abhartach's grave has no headstone with writing on it marking his resting place, just an unremarkable hawthorn tree and some large ancient rocks covering the place where he lies, but the local people of Slaghtaverty don't need a reminder of the vampire's whereabouts, he's there, and that's all they need to know!